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At times mirroring and at times shockingly disparate to the rise of traditional white American medicine, the history of African-American health care is a story of traditional healers; root doctors; granny midwives; underappreciated and overworked African-American physicians; scrupulous and unscrupulous white doctors and scientists; governmental support and neglect; epidemics; and poverty. Virtually every part of this story revolves around race. More than 50 years after the publication of An American Dilemma, Gunnar Myrdal's 1944 classic about race relations in the USA, An American Health Dilemma presents a comprehensive and groundbreaking history and social analysis of race, race relations and the African-American medical and public health experience. Beginning with the origins of western medicine and science in Egypt, Greece and Rome the authors explore the relationship between race, medicine, and health care from the precursors of American science and medicine through the days of the slave trade with the harrowing middle passage and equally deadly breaking-in period through the Civil War and the gains of reconstruction and the reversals caused by Jim Crow laws. It offers an extensive examination of the history of intellectual and scientific racism that evolved to give sanction to the mistreatment, medical abuse, and neglect of African Americans and other non-white people. Also included are biographical portraits of black medical pioneers like James McCune Smith, the first African American to earn a degree from a European university, and anecdotal vignettes,like the tragic story of "the Hottentot Venus", which illustrate larger themes.
An American Health Dilemma promises to become an irreplaceable and essential look at African-American and medical history and will provide an invaluable baseline for future exploration of race and racism in the American health system.
- Sales Rank: #275801 in Books
- Published on: 2000-08-21
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 9.02" h x 1.50" w x 5.98" l, 2.29 pounds
- Binding: Hardcover
- 624 pages
From Publishers Weekly
In the first of a projected two-volume work, the authors, both physicians and senior research scientists at the Harvard School of Public Health, document how, from their first arrival on these shores, blacks received inferior health care. Slaves faced a multitude of health risks: among them were accidents, whippings, cold, heat, exhaustion (pregnant slaves often miscarried) and poor sanitation. Planters rarely summoned white physicians to treat their slaves; generally, black grannies, midwives, root doctors and healers cared for their people. African-American health got worse during and after the Civil War, when the imperfect plantation health care system vanished overnight. A racist postwar society used Darwinism, biological determinism and skull measurements to argue that African-Americans were destined to poor health and extinction. In response, led by pioneering black doctors like James McCune Smith and David John Peck, African-Americans built their own medical schools and hospitals. Black physicians became community leaders and proclaimed health care a civil right. Still, at century's end, African-Americans were segregated and excluded from the mainstream health system. This is an important book, but it is not a well-organized, well-written work of history. The authors attempt to pack several books under one cover: a history of racism over the last 2,000 years; a survey of ancient Greek, Roman, Egyptian and Arabian medicine; an indictment of the U.S. health care system and of modern America as a hopelessly racist land; and a book of political advocacy and reform. The best part of this volume is its last half, containing the actual history of African-American health from 1619 forward. The dense, stilted, academic prose style serves the authors poorly, but their book contains too much valuable information to ignore. (Sept.)
Copyright 2000 Reed Business Information, Inc.
From Library Journal
Byrd and his wife, Clayton, are affiliated with Harvard Medical School and the Harvard School of Public Health. Their book, the first of two volumes, presents current statistics on racial disparities in American healthcare as a prolog to a comprehensive and heavily documented history of healthcare by and for black Americans. The authors trace the history of African American medicine, from its traditional roots in Egyptian and sub-Saharan practices that were brought to the New World by slave healers and midwives, through the remarkable black doctors who broke the color line of 19th-century medicine, to the founding of Howard University's Medical School in 1867, and the beginning of its long and distinguished service to American medicine. This amazing story takes place, however, in the context of a parallel narrative outlining the appalling cruelty, neglect, and scientific racism that mark the medical history of the American slave trade and its post-Civil War aftermath. This path-breaking work and its future companion volume will long remain an essential reference for scholars and serious readers in both medical history and African American studies.DKathy Arsenault, Univ. of South Florida, St. Petersburg
Copyright 2000 Reed Business Information, Inc.
From The New England Journal of Medicine
A Medical History of African Americans and the Problem of Race, the first volume of An American Health Dilemma, is an ambitious and woefully overdue magnum opus. In it Byrd and Clayton present and analyze the historical roots of the apartheid that characterizes the health care experience of black Americans. Their thesis is clear: millennia of medical injustice have caused staggering racial disparities in health care. To demonstrate this point, the authors present a sweeping chronicle of the roles of people of African descent in medicine. They unflinchingly focus on the association between health care issues among blacks and the abuses of human rights and political freedom that have plagued our nation almost from its inception.
Having divided their work into two volumes, Byrd and Clayton attack their task in prose dense with detail and studded with tantalizing stories culled from sources in history, journalism, and medicine. The first volume covers the period from antiquity to 1900; the second volume, which appeared in 2001, covers the subsequent period, up to the present. The first volume is a richly researched book that combines an authoritative tone with a perspective often missing from traditional histories of medicine. With information collected from the literature of medical history, sociology, public health, and law, this volume describes black Americans' quest for justice and equity in health care. Its title pays homage to Gunnar Myrdal's seminal work, An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy (New York: Harper and Row, 1944), which devoted a section to a discussion entitled ``The Negro in the Medical Profession.'' But this book also seems to be the intellectual progeny of Richard Allen Williams's Textbook of Black-Related Diseases (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1975), the first comprehensive work to call on both history and culture in an analysis of disparities in health care between blacks and whites.
An American Health Dilemma neither unearths new data nor offers a definitive or even comprehensive survey of the arguments over such age-old questions as genetic intellectual inferiority. However, the authors have done a masterly job of collecting information from disparate sources about the roots of illness and inequity. The strengths of this work are the thoroughness of the research and the comprehensive scope of coverage.
The story is presented in roughly chronological order. An American Health Dilemma begins by lifting the curtain that hides the origins of African medical science, which lie in pre-Greco-Roman antiquity. Such a beginning is at odds with the contents of most primers on the history of medicine, which often begin with a survey of Egyptian medicine but ignore sub-Saharan Africa. The first section of this volume is an overview of health care disparities from antiquity through the American colonial era. The second section then begins with the 1619 arrival of African slaves in the English colonies and proceeds through 1812, and the overlap caused by the departure from strict chronology so early in the work is a bit jarring. The third section covers the period from 1812 to 1900 and focuses on the emergence of an organized health care system and the largely untenable position of blacks within it.
The authors resurrect many of the neglected contributions of black Americans to medicine. They describe the contributions of black women in health care and recount the stories of Henrietta Lacks, the Baltimore housewife whose cervical cancer was the source of the ubiquitous HeLa cell line, and of other black women who were exploited for research or mere amusement. The authors also describe how the flawed arguments in favor of black genetic inferiority have sabotaged the health of blacks. Their scientific explanations are sketchy, but they describe in detail how such beliefs affect blacks' health.
The information presented in this book is derived heavily from secondary sources, many of which have been unjustly neglected and are not always easy to find. As a result, the bibliography is encyclopedic -- rich and dense enough that it could be published independently as a reference source. For all the density of references, the authors adopt a welcome populist tone, using clear footnotes and endnotes that refer to articles in the popular literature as well as to writings in scholarly tomes.
Harriet A. Washington, B.A.
Copyright © 2002 Massachusetts Medical Society. All rights reserved. The New England Journal of Medicine is a registered trademark of the MMS.
Most helpful customer reviews
12 of 12 people found the following review helpful.
Erudite study
By A Customer
An American Health Dilemma is a brilliant book, well-written and with a strong scientific foundation. It is clear and accessible to the non-specialist as well as the specialist. The first part of the book, a survey of racist thinking in the West, is one of the best summaries I have read in years. The book is interesting in its sociological, public health and social theory aspects. The notes are very clear, so that if you want further information you know where to find it. I highly recommend the book. It is a treasure trove of information, not only for Americans but for others interested to find out more about the perplexing question of race and health.
12 of 12 people found the following review helpful.
A Contemporary Challange to America's Health Care System
By Edward B. Blackman
An American Health Dilemma, by W. Michael Bryd and Linda A Clayton presents the challenge of the gross disparity in health care in America. Tracing the history of Western racial bias which has informed the medical world's relation to people of African descent, the authors have presented a clear demonstration of the effects of racism on medical care in the United States of America. This perspective is an important one, as the nation again considers the disintegration of health care for all. This well documented study, is readable and challenging to all who are interested in the future of our society.
1 of 1 people found the following review helpful.
Great book. Very good information
By Joan Oxendine
Great book. Very good information. Highly recommend.
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